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高中所有化學(xué)方程式（不一定全呀） 非金屬單質(zhì)（F2 ，Cl2 , O2 , S, N2 , P , C , Si）? 1, 氧化性：? F2 + H2 === 2HF? F2 +Xe(過量)===XeF2? 2F2（過量）+Xe===XeF4? nF2 +2M===2MFn (表示大部分金屬)? 2F2 +2H2O===4HF+O2? 2F2 +2NaOH===2NaF+OF2 +H2O? F2 +2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2? F2 +2NaBr===2NaF+Br2? F2+2NaI ===2NaF+I2? F2 +Cl2 (等體積)===2ClF? 3F2 (過量)+Cl2===2ClF3? 7F2(過量)+I2 ===2IF7? Cl2 +H2 ===2HCl? 3Cl2 +2P===2PCl3? Cl2 +PCl3 ===PCl5? Cl2 +2Na===2NaCl? 3Cl2 +2Fe===2FeCl3? Cl2 +2FeCl2 ===2FeCl3? Cl2+Cu===CuCl2? 2Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2? Cl2 +2NaI ===2NaCl+I2? 5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl? Cl2 +Na2S===2NaCl+S? Cl2 +H2S===2HCl+S? Cl2+SO2 +2H2O===H2SO4 +2HCl? Cl2 +H2O2 ===2HCl+O2? 2O2 +3Fe===Fe3O4? O2+K===KO2? S+H2===H2S? 2S+C===CS2? S+Fe===FeS? S+2Cu===Cu2S? 3S+2Al===Al2S3? S+Zn===ZnS? N2+3H2===2NH3? N2+3Mg===Mg3N2? N2+3Ca===Ca3N2? N2+3Ba===Ba3N2? N2+6Na===2Na3N? N2+6K===2K3N? N2+6Rb===2Rb3N? P2+6H2===4PH3? P+3Na===Na3P? 2P+3Zn===Zn3P2 2．還原性? S+O2===SO2? S+O2===SO2? S+6HNO3(濃)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O? 3S+4 HNO3(稀)===3SO2+4NO+2H2O? N2+O2===2NO? 4P+5O2===P4O10(常寫成P2O5)? 2P+3X2===2PX3 （X表示F2，Cl2，Br2）? PX3+X2===PX5? P4+20HNO3(濃)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O? C+2F2===CF4? C+2Cl2===CCl4? 2C+O2(少量)===2CO? C+O2(足量)===CO2? C+CO2===2CO? C+H2O===CO+H2(生成水煤氣)? 2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(制得粗硅)? Si(粗)+2Cl===SiCl4? (SiCl4+2H2===Si(純)+4HCl)? Si(粉)+O2===SiO2? Si+C===SiC(金剛砂)? Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2? 3，（堿中）歧化? Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO? （加酸抑制歧化，加堿或光照促進(jìn)歧化）? Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O? 2Cl2+2Ca（OH）2===CaCl2+Ca（ClO）2+2H2O? 3Cl2+6KOH（熱，濃）===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O? 3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O? 4P+3KOH（濃）+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO2? 11P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4? 3C+CaO===CaC2+CO? 3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO 二，金屬單質(zhì)（Na，Mg，Al，F(xiàn)e）的還原性? 2Na+H2===2NaH? 4Na+O2===2Na2O? 2Na2O+O2===2Na2O2? 2Na+O2===Na2O2? 2Na+S===Na2S（爆炸）? 2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2? 2Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H2 4Na+TiCl4（熔融）===4NaCl+Ti? Mg+Cl2===MgCl2? Mg+Br2===MgBr2? 2Mg+O2===2MgO? Mg+S===MgS? Mg+2H2O===Mg（OH）2+H2 2Mg+TiCl4（熔融）===Ti+2MgCl2? Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb? 2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C? 2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+Si? Mg+H2S===MgS+H2? Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2? 2Al+3Cl2===2AlCl3? 4Al+3O2===2Al2O3（鈍化）? 4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg? 4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn? 2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr? 2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe? 2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe? 2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2? 2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2? 2Al+6H2SO4(濃)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O? （Al,Fe在冷,濃的H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化)? Al+4HNO(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O? 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2? 2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3? Fe+I2===FeI2? Fe+S===FeS? 3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2? Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2? Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu? Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2? (鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能把四氯化錫完全? 還原為單質(zhì)錫 Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)? 三, 非金屬氫化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)? 1,還原性:? 4HCl(濃)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O? 4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O? 16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O? 14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O? 2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2? 2H2S+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O? 2H2S+O2(少量)===2S+2H2O? 2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2O? H2S+H2SO4(濃)===S+SO2+2H2O? 3H2S+2HNO(稀)===3S+2NO+4H2O? 5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O? 3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O? H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH? 2NH3+3CuO===3Cu+N2+3H2O? 2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl? 8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl? 4NH3+3O2(純氧)===2N2+6H2O? 4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O? 4NH3+6NO===5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO)? NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2? 4NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2? CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2? 2,酸性:? 4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O? （此反應(yīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于測(cè)定礦樣或鋼樣中SiO2的含量）? 2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCl? H2S+Fe===FeS+H2? H2S+CuCl2===CuS+2HCl? H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3? H2S+HgCl2===HgS+2HCl? H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS+2HNO3? H2S+FeCl2===? 2NH3+2Na==2NaNH2+H2? (NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)? 3，堿性：? NH3+HCl===NH4Cl? NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3? 2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4? NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl? （此反應(yīng)用于工業(yè)制備小蘇打，蘇打）? ? 4，不穩(wěn)定性：? 2HF===H2+F2? 2HCl===H2+Cl2? 2H2O===2H2+O2? 2H2O2===2H2O+O2? H2S===H2+S? 2NH3===N2+3H2? 四，非金屬氧化物? 低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性：? 2SO2+O2===2SO3? 2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4? （這是SO2在大氣中緩慢發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學(xué)反應(yīng)）? SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl? SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBr? SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI? SO2+NO2===SO3+NO? 2NO+O2===2NO2? NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2? （用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO和NO2）? 2CO+O2===2CO2? CO+CuO===Cu+CO2? 3CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2? CO+H2O===CO2+H2? ? 氧化性：? SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2O? SO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2? NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH? （不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒別溴蒸氣和NO2）? 4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O? 2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2? CO2+2Mg===2MgO+C? (CO2不能用于撲滅由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃燒的火災(zāi))? SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2O? SiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si? 3,與水的作用:? SO2+H2O===H2SO3? SO3+H2O===H2SO4? 3NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO? N2O5+H2O===2HNO3? P2O5+H2O===2HPO3? P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4? (P2O5極易吸水,可作氣體干燥劑) P2O5+3H2SO4(濃)===2H3PO4+3SO3? CO2+H2O===H2CO3? 與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:? SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3? SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3? (這是硫酸廠回收SO2的反應(yīng).先用氨水吸收SO2,? 再用H2SO4處理: 2NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2? 生成的硫酸銨作化肥,SO2循環(huán)作原料氣)? SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3+H2O? (不能用澄清石灰水鑒別SO2和CO2.可用品紅鑒別)? SO3+MgO===MgSO4? SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4+H2O? CO2+2NaOH(過量)===Na2CO3+H2O? CO2(過量)+NaOH===NaHCO3? CO2+Ca(OH)2(過量)===CaCO3+H2O? 2CO2(過量)+Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2? CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3? CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH+NaHCO3? SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3? SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O? (常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃)? SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2? SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2? 五,金屬氧化物? 1,低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:? 6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4? FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O? 2,氧化性:? Na2O2+2Na===2Na2O? （此反應(yīng)用于制備Na2O）? MgO，Al2O3幾乎沒有氧化性，很難被還原為Mg，Al.? 一般通過電解制Mg和Al.? Fe2O3+3H2===2Fe+3H2O (制還原鐵粉)? Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe+4H2O? 3,與水的作用:? Na2O+H2O===2NaOH? 2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2? (此反應(yīng)分兩步:Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2 ;? 2H2O2===2H2O+O2. H2O2的制備可利用類似的反應(yīng):? BaO2+H2SO4(稀)===BaSO4+H2O2)? MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2 (緩慢反應(yīng))? 4,與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:? Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4? Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3? Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O? 2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2? Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)===Na2SO4+H2O2? MgO+SO3===MgSO4? MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2O? Al2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2O? (Al2O3是兩性氧化物:? Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O)? FeO+2HCl===FeCl2+3H2O? Fe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2O? Fe2O3+3H2S(g)===Fe2S3+3H2O? Fe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O? ? 六,含氧酸? 1,氧化性:? 4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HCl? HClO3+HI===HIO3+HCl? 3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HCl? HClO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HCl? HClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2? (氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4,? 但濃,熱的HClO4氧化性很強(qiáng))? 2H2SO4(濃)+C===CO2+2SO2+2H2O? 2H2SO4(濃)+S===3SO2+2H2O? H2SO4+Fe(Al) 室溫下鈍化? 6H2SO4(濃)+2Fe===Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O? 2H2SO4(濃)+Cu===CuSO4+SO2+2H2O? H2SO4(濃)+2HBr===SO2+Br2+2H2O? H2SO4(濃)+2HI===SO2+I2+2H2O? H2SO4(稀)+Fe===FeSO4+H2? 2H2SO3+2H2S===3S+2H2O? 4HNO3(濃)+C===CO2+4NO2+2H2O? 6HNO3(濃)+S===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O? 5HNO3(濃)+P===H3PO4+5NO2+H2O? 6HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O? 4HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O? 30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O? 36HNO3+10Fe===10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O? 30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O? 2,還原性:? H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX? (X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)? 2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4? H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O? 5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O? H2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl? 3,酸性:? H2SO4(濃) +CaF2===CaSO4+2HF? H2SO4(濃)+NaCl===NaHSO4+HCl? H2SO4(濃) +2NaCl===Na2SO4+2HCl? H2SO4(濃)+NaNO3===NaHSO4+HNO3? 3H2SO4(濃)+Ca3（PO4）2===3CaSO4+2H3PO4? 2H2SO4(濃)+Ca3（PO4）2===2CaSO4+Ca（H2PO4）2? 3HNO3+Ag3PO4===H3PO4+3AgNO3? 2HNO3+CaCO3===Ca（NO3）2+H2O+CO2? （用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S，HI，HBr，（SO2）? 等還原性氣體）? 4H3PO4+Ca3（PO4）2===3Ca（H2PO4）2（重鈣）? H3PO4（濃）+NaBr===NaH2PO4+HBr? H3PO4（濃）+NaI===NaH2PO4+HI? 4，不穩(wěn)定性：? 2HClO===2HCl+O2? 4HNO3===4NO2+O2+2H2O? H2SO3===H2O+SO2? H2CO3===H2O+CO2? H4SiO4===H2SiO3+H2O? 七，堿? 低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性：? 4Fe（OH）2+O2+2H2O===4Fe（OH）3? 與酸性物質(zhì)的作用：? 2NaOH+SO2（少量）===Na2SO3+H2O? NaOH+SO2（足量）===NaHSO3? 2NaOH+SiO2===NaSiO3+H2O? 2NaOH+Al2O3===2NaAlO2+H2O? 2NaOH+Cl2===NaCl+NaClO+H2O? NaOH+HCl===NaCl+H2O? NaOH+H2S（足量）===NaHS+H2O? 2NaOH+H2S（少量）===Na2S+2H2O? 3NaOH+AlCl3===Al（OH）3+3NaCl? NaOH+Al（OH）3===NaAlO2+2H2O? （AlCl3和Al（OH）3哪個(gè)酸性強(qiáng)？）? NaOH+NH4Cl===NaCl+NH3+H2O? Mg（OH）2+2NH4Cl===MgCl2+2NH3.H2O? Al(OH)3+NH4Cl 不溶解? 3,不穩(wěn)定性:? Mg(OH)2===MgO+H2O? 2Al(OH)3===Al2O3+3H2O? 2Fe(OH)3===Fe2O3+3H2O? Cu(OH)2===CuO+H2O? 八,鹽? 1,氧化性:? 2FeCl3+Fe===3FeCl2? 2FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2? (用于雕刻銅線路版)? 2FeCl3+Zn===2FeCl2+ZnCl2? FeCl3+Ag===FeCl2+AgC? Fe2(SO4)3+2Ag===FeSO4+Ag2SO4(較難反應(yīng))? Fe(NO3)3+Ag 不反應(yīng)? 2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S? 2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I2? FeCl2+Mg===Fe+MgCl2? 2,還原性:? 2FeCl2+Cl2===2FeCl3? 3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)===6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O? 3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)===3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O? 2Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO4? 3,與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:? MgCl2+2NH3.H2O===Mg(OH)2+NH4Cl? AlCl3+3NH3.H2O===Al(OH)3+3NH4Cl? FeCl3+3NH3.H2O===Fe(OH)3+3NH4Cl? 4,與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:? Na3PO4+HCl===Na2HPO4+NaCl? Na2HPO4+HCl===NaH2PO4+NaCl? NaH2PO4+HCl===H3PO4+NaCl? Na2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaCl? NaHCO3+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO2? 3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl? 3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl? 3NaHCO3+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3CO2? 3NaHCO3+FeCl3===Fe(OH)3+3CO2? 3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O===2Al(OH)3+3H2S? 3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O===4Al(OH)3? 5,不穩(wěn)定性:? Na2S2O3+H2SO4===Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2O? NH4Cl===NH3+HCl? NH4HCO3===NH3+H2O+CO2? 2KNO3===2KNO2+O2? 2Cu(NO3)3===2CuO+4NO2+O2? 2KMnO4===K2MnO4+MnO2+O2? 2KClO3===2KCl+3O2? 2NaHCO3===Na2CO3+H2O+CO2? Ca(HCO3)2===CaCO3+H2O+CO2? CaCO3===CaO+CO2? MgCO3===MgO+CO2

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